This product is no longer available. Some accessories, replacement parts, or services may still be available.
| Services Available | |
|---|---|
| Repair | No |
| Calibration | No |
| Free Support | No |
Overview
The CWS655A is a wireless version of our CS655 soil water reflectometer. It has 12 cm rods and monitors soil volumetric water content, bulk electrical conductivity, and temperature. This reflectometer has an internal 922 MHz radio that transmits data to a CWB100A Wireless Base Station or to another wireless sensor. The 922 MHz frequency is used in Australia, Israel, and other countries worldwide.
Read MoreBenefits and Features
- Versatile sensor—measures dielectric permittivity, bulk electrical conductivity (EC), and soil temperature
- Measurement corrected for effects of soil texture and electrical conductivity
- Internal frequency-hopping, spread spectrum radio provides longer range and less interference
- Battery powered
- A reliable, low maintenance, low power method for making measurements in applications where cabled sensors are impractical or otherwise undesirable
- Transmissions can be routed through up to three other wireless sensors
- Compatible with CR800, CR850, CR1000, and CR3000 data loggers
Images
Technical Description
The CWS655A has 12-cm rods that insert into the soil. It measures propagation time, signal attenuation, and temperature. Dielectric permittivity, volumetric water content, and bulk electrical conductivity are then derived from these raw values.
Measured signal attenuation is used to correct for the loss effect on reflection detection and thus propagation time measurement. This allows accurate water content measurements in soils with bulk ≤3.7 dS m-1 without performing a soil-specific calibration.
Soil bulk electrical conductivity is also derived from the attenuation measurement. A thermistor in thermal contact with a probe rod near the epoxy surface measures temperature. Horizontal installation of the sensor provides accurate soil temperature measurement at the same depth as the water content measurement. For other orientations, the temperature measurement will be that of the region near the rod entrance into the epoxy body.
Why Wireless?
There are situations when it is desirable to make measurements in locations where the use of cabled sensors is problematic. Protecting cables by running them through conduit or burying them in trenches is time consuming, labor intensive, and sometimes not possible. Local fire codes may preclude the use of certain types of sensor cabling inside of buildings. In some applications measurements need to be made at distances where long cables decrease the quality of the measurement or are too expensive. There are also times when it is important to increase the number of measurements being made but the datalogger does not have enough available channels left for attaching additional sensor cables.
Specifications
| Weather Resistance | IP67 rating for sensor and battery pack (Battery pack must be properly installed. Each sensor is leak tested.) |
| Operating Temperature Range | -25° to +50°C |
| Operating Relative Humidity | 0 to 100% |
| Power Source | 2 AA batteries with a battery life of 1 year assuming sensor samples taken every 10 minutes (Optional solar charging available.) |
| Average Current Drain | 300 μA (with 15-minute polling) |
| Rod Length | 12 cm (4.7 in.) |
| Dimensions | 14.5 x 6 x 4.5 cm (5.7 x 2.4 x 1.77 in.) |
| Weight | 216 g (7.6 oz) |
Measurement Accuracies |
|
| Volumetric Water Content | ±3% VWC typical in mineral soils that have solution electrical conductivity ≤ 10 dS/m. Uses Topps Equation (m3/m3). |
| Relative Dielectric Permittivity |
|
| Bulk Electrical Conductivity | ±(5% of reading + 0.05 dS/m) |
| Soil Temperature | ±0.5°C |
Internal 25 mW FHSS Radio |
|
| Frequency | 920 to 928 MHz |
| Where Used | Australia and New Zealand |
| FHSS Channel | 50 |
| Transmitter Power Output | 25 mW (+14 dBm) |
| Receiver Sensitivity | -110 dBm (0.1% frame error rate) |
| Standby Typical Current Drain | 3 μA |
| Receive Typical Current Drain | 18 mA (full run) |
| Transmit Typical Current Drain | 45 mA |
| Average Operating Current | 15 μA (with 1-second access time) |
| Quality of Service Management | RSSI |
| Additional Features | GFSK modulation, data interleaving, forward error correction, data scrambling, RSSI reporting |
Compatibility
Please note: The following shows notable compatibility information. It is not a comprehensive list of all compatible products.
Related Documents
Product Brochures
Miscellaneous
Downloads
Wireless Sensor Planner v.1.7 (30.5 MB) 08-08-2013
The Wireless Sensor Planner is a tool for use with Campbell Scientific wireless sensors. It assists in designing and configuring wireless sensor networks.
Related FAQs
Number of FAQs related to CWS655A: 19
Expand AllCollapse All
-
No. The abrupt permittivity change at the interface of air and saturated soil causes a different period average response than would occur with the more gradual permittivity change found when the sensor rods are completely inserted in the soil.
For example, if a CWS655 was inserted halfway into a saturated soil with a volumetric water content of 0.4, the probe would provide a different period average and permittivity reading than if the probe was fully inserted into the same soil when it had a volumetric water content of 0.2.
-
If information is available on soil texture, organic matter content, and electrical conductivity (EC) from soil surveys or lab testing of the soil, it should be possible to tell if the soil conditions fall outside the range of operation of the CWS655. Without this information, an educated guess can be made based on soil texture, climate, and management:
- Mineral soils work well with a CWS655 if the EC at saturation is below 3.04 dS/m.
- If the soil is located in an arid or semiarid region, it may have high EC.
- If the soil is frequently fertilized or irrigated with water that has higher EC, it may have high EC.
- If the climate provides enough rain to flush accumulated salts below the root zone, the EC is expected to be low and suitable for a CWS655.
- Organic or artificial soils typically have high surface electrical conductivity and may become out-of-bounds if they receive significant fertilizer or water with high EC.
-
The CS655 is warranted by Campbell Scientific to be free from defects in materials and workmanship under normal use and service for 12 months from the date of shipment. For further details, see the “Warranty” section of the Wireless Sensor Network Instruction Manual.
-
A thermistor is encased in the epoxy head of the sensor next to one of the stainless-steel rods. This provides a point measurement of temperature at the soil surface. The temperature measurement is not averaged over the length of the sensor rods.
-
Probably not. The principle that makes the CWS655 work is that liquid water has a dielectric permittivity of close to 80, while soil solid particles have a dielectric permittivity of approximately 3 to 6. Because the permittivity of water is over an order of magnitude higher than that of soil solids, water content has a significant impact on the overall bulk dielectric permittivity of the soil. When the soil becomes very dry, that impact is minimized, and it becomes difficult for the CWS655 to detect small amounts of water. In air dry soil, there is residual water that does not respond to an electric field in the same way as it does when there is enough water to flow among soil pores. Residual water content can range from approximately 0.03 in coarse soils to approximately 0.25 in clay. In the natural environment, water contents below 0.05 indicate that the soil is as dry as it is likely to get. Very small changes in water content will likely cause a change in the CWS655 period average and permittivity readings, but, to interpret those changes, a very careful calibration using temperature compensation would need to be performed.
-
To get accurate water content readings, a soil-specific calibration is probably required if any of the following are true:
- The soil has more than 5% organic matter content.
- The soil has more than 20% clay content.
- The soil is derived from volcanic parent material.
- The soil has porosity greater than 0.5.
For details on performing a soil-specific calibration, refer to “The Water Content Reflectometer Method for Measuring Volumetric Water Content” section in the CS650/CS655 manual.
Some users have obtained good results by applying a linear correction to the square root of reported permittivity before applying the Topp et al. (1980) equation. The linear correction is obtained by taking readings in saturated and dry soil and using volumetric water content measurements obtained from oven-dried soil samples to estimate actual permittivity.
-
Damage to the CWS655 electronics or rods cannot be repaired because these components are potted in epoxy. A faulty or damaged sensor needs to be replaced. For more information, refer to the Repair and Calibration page.
-
The equation used to determine volumetric water content in the firmware for the CWS655 is the Topp et al. (1980) equation, which works for a wide range of mineral soils but not necessarily for artificial soils that typically have high organic matter content and high clay content. In this type of soil, the standard equations in the firmware will overestimate water content.
When using a CWS655 in artificial soil, it is best to perform a soil-specific calibration. For details on performing a soil-specific calibration, refer to “The Water Content Reflectometer Method for Measuring Volumetric Water Content” section in the CS650/CS655 manual. A linear or quadratic equation that relates period average to volumetric water content will work well.
-
No. The equation used to determine volumetric water content in the firmware for the CWS655 is the Topp et al. (1980) equation, which works for a wide range of mineral soils but not for organic soils. In organic soils, the standard equations in the firmware will overestimate water content.
When using a CWS655 in organic soil, it is best to perform a soil-specific calibration. For details on performing a soil-specific calibration, refer to “The Water Content Reflectometer Method for Measuring Volumetric Water Content” section in the CS650/CS655 manual. A linear or quadratic equation that relates period average to volumetric water content will work well.
-
The CWS655-series sensors have several logical tests built into their firmware to ensure that the sensors do not report a number that is known to be erroneous. Erroneous readings are either outside the sensor’s operational limits or outside of published accuracy specifications.
A reported value of NAN does not necessarily mean that there is a problem with the sensor hardware. The conditions outlined below can lead to a value of NAN for permittivity and volumetric water content.
Calculated permittivity is less than 0 or greater than 88
The equation used to convert period average and electrical conductivity values to permittivity is a three-dimensional surface with two independent variables and eleven coefficients, plus an offset. Some rare combinations of period and electrical conductivity result in a permittivity calculation that is less than air (1) or greater than water at 0°C (88). These rare combinations are not expected when the sensor is in soil.
Bulk electrical conductivity (EC) is greater than 3.04 dS/m
When bulk electrical conductivity is greater than 3.04 dS/m, the solution EC is greater than 8 dS/m, which is the upper limit for accurate readings with the CWS655. When this occurs, the soil is considered out-of-bounds and will report a value of NAN for both permittivity and volumetric water content.
Calculated permittivity is less than 80% of the permittivity limit
A permittivity limit based on the bulk electrical conductivity (EC) reading is used to determine whether the bulk EC at saturation exceeds the sensor’s operational limit. That permittivity limit is calculated and compared to the permittivity reading. If the measured permittivity is more than 20% beyond the permittivity limit, both permittivity and volumetric water content are reported as NAN. This is the most common cause of NAN values with the CWS655-series sensors, and it occurs because of the soil properties and not because of a sensor malfunction.